Data and Assumption on New Technology Innovation Essay Example for Free

Data and Assumption on New Technology Innovation EssayYesterday at the stroke of midnight a series of tragic events came to a closing when Othello, Venices most eminent and respected Moorish general, killed himself in his wifes bedchamber after smothering the childly bellenone other than Venices coveted Desdemonawith a pillow. According to several witnesses of the bloody suicide, the mentally tormented general was under the notion that Desdemona had been illicitly tupping his first-in-command, Michael Cassio, a lie supply to him by the ironically misnamed Honest Iago. Iago, the villain responsible for the murder of his own wife as well as a Venetian gentleman, has been taken by Cyprian officials for questioning and possible torture. However, it is known that he orchestrated a plan to create conflict between General Othello and Lieutenant Cassio surrounding Desdemona that he hoped would result in the death of both Cassio and the lady.Witnesses to the blood bath describe the sce ne gravely and painfully. I walked into the room and at that place was Othello, with his wife Desdemona slain on the bed. It was really shocking. Her face was very pale, and though she was evidently dead, it seemed she was trying to say something, says Gratiano. Another witness describes Othellos suicide with great distress. He was very calm, but there was a wondrous rage in his face, like a monster. I had never seen him like that before. He took his sword and drove it into his chest before anyone could tip him.The only survivor of the discord is Lieutenant Cassio, who suffered a major injury in his leg from Iagos sword. When asked whether he was ever involved with lady Desdemona, Cassio responded, We were dear friends, and it hurt me greatly that she is gone. But we never shared more than the touching of hands or a brief brush on the shoulder. As for the man who caused this, I will see to it that he pays for his cruelty with his own suffering.A funeral will be held in three days near the town square. Mourners are welcome, including causality suitors of Desdemona. Michael Cassio asks that all that attend bring memorabilia of the lost ones such as locks of hair, clothing, letters, or embroidered handkerchiefs.

Investigation to determine the viscosity of glycerol Essay Example for Free

Investigation to determine the viscosity of glycerin EssayThis document reports on an experiment that examined the relationship between temperature and viscosity. The terminal speed and up-thrust experienced by a sphere of fixed weight and radius was calculated by dropping it into a measuring cylinder filled with glycerol heated to different temperatures. Using Stokes Law viscosity corresponding to each temperature level was worked out. This generated a range of data points with viscosity corresponding to each temperature level.These data points were statistically analysed. The results corresponded to those indicated by theory i. e. temperature and viscosity are inversely related as temperature increased viscosity decreased. This report is in five sections. The first exposit the plan and the science on which the experiment is based. The second describes implementation while the third analyses the results. The fourth section evaluates the both the experiment and its results. The fifth concludes. 1 excogitation 1. 1 The Question Is viscosity affected by temperature? When temperature increases does viscosity decrease or increase and if it does are the changes systematic or random? These are the questions I investigate in this experiment. 1. 2 Key Concepts Archimedes principleA eubstance immersed in a fluid (totally or partially) experiences an upthrust (i. e. an apparent loss of weight) which is relate to the weight of fluid displaced. 1Ships dont sink in body of water because of upthrust. Upthrust is also the cause for weight loss when a body is partially or totally immersed in a fluid. Viscosity Viscosity is the virtue by which a fluid offers a fortress to the head through it of any solid body. 2 The theory of viscosity is almost identical to the theory of friction between two solids, just that viscosity is the term used for fluids. Viscosity is basically the safeguard between the particles within a fluid.In a solid molecules are tightly packed i. e. there is a soaked intermolecular extort. Therefore when you black market a solid, it moves as a whole as all the particles move together. In a fluid this is not the case. This is because due to lower intermolecular force the particles move at different velocities in relation to each otherwise. This feature can be understood by discussing what happens when pouring a shut up of water into a glass. In liquids the molecules flow in layers. See the right water flowing from a jug, it looks simple, but in reality it is quite complex. Actually exactly the top layer of water is flowing, the bottom layer is still.This is explained with the help of the diagram on the left. The red line is the upper layer of water in the jug which flows in the glass, when this layer has flown into the glass the maroon layer starts flowing and the finally the black layer. This is because the black layer is closest to the solid (which in this case is the jug) the resistance offered by the solid is g reater than the resistance offered by the layers of the liquid. This is because the number of molecules that suck in contact between the solid and the liquid layer are more than those that make contact between the liquid and liquid layer.The number of molecules that have contact between the liquid layer and air is the least. Hydrogen Bonding Unusually strong dipole-dipole attractions that occur among molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom. 3 Hydrogen bind is a much stronger variant of Van Der Waals Forces. This strong bonding causes great friction between the layers of liquid and so gives glycerol its property of high viscosity. Glycerol has a high viscosity as opposed to other alcohols because, it has three -OH functional groups attached to it.Therefore more hydrogen bonds are formed, thus increasing the attraction between two neighbouring molecules (greater bond strength). Thus unlike alcohols that are volatile, glycerol is not only non-volatile , but is also very thick and viscous. Stokes Law Stokes Law plays an important part in understanding the motion of a solid (in his experiment he used a sphere) through liquids. Stokes law states that when a body is under free fall in a tube containing a liquid of infinite length there is a point when there is no more acceleration in the body and the body reaches terminal velocity.Stoke further went on to say that this was due to the viscous forces acting within the liquid. The layers of the liquid in contact with the solid start lamentable with the velocity of the solid particle whereas the layers far away from the body remain at rest. The viscous forces being frictional forces act against the acceleration of the body and therefore there is a point when the viscous forces equal the resultant force driving the body. This is when the body reaches its terminal velocity.

The history and spread of probation in America

The history and spread of probation in AmericaThe term probation comes from the Latin verb probargon, meaning to arise or to test. Throughout history probation has been used in various forms. From its earliest American origins probation has broadened and expanded immensely in its function in spite of appearance the criminal justice system. The terms and conditions of probation continue to evolve, as well as the various consequences imposed if said conditions ar not closely adhered to. Probation is a privilege granted to particular law violators in lieu of im prisonment. Just as the root word derived from, probation is a test issued to an offender, offering them a chance to prove themselves.HISTORYElements of probation can be seen throughout history. There is reference in Mosaic Law to the right of sanctuary. Right of sanctuary offered cities of refuge to killers seeking to come off retribution. small-arm probation as we know it today is not an escape from punishment, it can be seen as a sort of sanctuary in that probationers are offered the fortune to atone for their criminal offences and maintain in the free society. The suspended sentence, commonly used in the Middle Ages in England, mirrors probation in that it can be revoked and a prison sentence imposed if the offender fails to stay out of trouble for the amount of time specified. Suspended sentence at this time, however, did not include any phase of supervision, nor were there any set goals of reform. There was likewise a form of temporary release used by the courts during this time. Binding over for good behaviour offered offenders an opportunity to secure pardons or lesser sentences.Matthew Davenport Hill was a English barrister and judge in Eighteenth Century England. As Recorder of Birmingham, a discriminative post, he instituted a practice for individuals who did not appear to be hopeless cases. In witnessing the sentencing of youthful offenders to the custody of their parents for supervi sion, Hill decided that those offenders who showed hope of rehabilitation could also be placed in the hands of willing guardians. As part of this arrangement these willing guardians would receive periodic visits from local police to stay true on the progress of the released offender.JOHN AUGUSTUSJohn Augustus, credited as the Father of Probation, embarked upon a journey that would revolutionize the field of corrections in America. His efforts began when he persuaded a local court in Massachusetts to release into his custody an adult drunk, instead of imprisoning him. This challenge was met with great success. A shoe cobbler in Boston, Augustus oversee the man, paid his fines, and helped him achieve sobriety. His efforts broadened to and he began taking responsibility for juveniles. Again his efforts were fruitful and the court was pleased with his results. Reform became a true possibility.Over the course of his eighteen years as a volunteer probation officer 1841-1858, Augustus bai led 1,946 men, women and children. A mere ten of this number forfeited their bond. The first probation statute was passed in 1878 shortly by and by his death. Augustus work was a remarkable accomplishment when measured against any standard. (New York City Department of Probation)THE SPREAD OF PROBATIONBy 1900, Vermont, Rhode Island, New Jersey, New York, Minnesota, and Illinois passed probation laws by 1910, 32 more states had passed legislation establishing juvenile probation and by 1930 juvenile probation was legislated in every state except Wyoming. (Office of Probation and Correctional Alternatives) Every state in the country offers probation to both adults and juveniles today. While the structure may vary from state to state the possibility for reform remains a strong and solid objective. Probation not only offers the offender inducement to change it saves the public enormous funds as the cost is minimal when compared to the increasing costs of incarceration. Probation also serves to abate the current concerns of overcrowding in prisons.THE USES/GOAL OF PROBATIONProbation has many practical functions in the field of corrections. As mentioned above, probation is privilege not a right. One of the many aims of probation is protecting the public. Probation is generally issued to low risk, non-violent offenders. Often these offenders are bold to the idea of treatment and rehabilitation in an effort to avoid becoming professional offenders. Until recently, probation was predominantly used for first offense misdemeanants, however, with the implementation of get inflexible laws and the war on drugs saw the court system becoming more and more bogged down with cases and the prison system became increasingly prone to overcrowding.Depending on the sentencing guidelines for the crime committed, the accused may offer to plead guilty to a lesser charge. Probation is a valuable tool for the offender, the district attorney, and the court system. If the criteria of a case flummox the offender eligible for probation a presentence investigation report is reproducible to determine if probation could be a valid and effective punishment. The presentence investigation report includes the offenders background and their trend to their charges as well as other useful information.CONDITIONS OF PROBATION/INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONSIf probation is granted, several conditions may be imposed. These conditions will be specifically designed to the individual establish on their criminal record and the nature of the crime they comport pled guilty to. There are various levels of probation. The lowest level of probation is unoversee. This is when the offender is placed on probation and perhaps ordered to pay fines and court costs but is not obligated to a regular interaction with a probation officer. They are generally ordered to call in on arranged dates and update the probation officer as to their progress as well as maintain gainful employment in the community.Su pervised Probation requires the offender to report to their local probation office on an established number of days per week or month, depending on the level of supervision. Often supervised probation will contain conditions such as reporting regularly, failing to engage in any further criminal activity, submitting to searches, abstaining from using drugs, abstaining from owning a firearm, limiting inebriant intake, abstaining from associating with known criminals and notifying their administrate officer of any major changes such as relocation or job change. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) The probationer is required to pay a monthly supervision fee and a schedule to pay other fines and court fees imposed is set up between the offender and the probation officer.Certain individuals have specific conditions of probation to which they must adhere. This is sometimes as a result of the crime they committed (including factors of the crime, such as drug abuse). Specific conditions includ e (but are not limited to) methadone maintenance, taking Antibuse, attending 12-Step meetings, drug testing, treatment (inpatient or outpatient), and vocational training. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) These conditions are imposed to aid the probationer in fortunate completion of their court ordered term of supervision. There has been an adequate success rate with these programs to date.Special conditions of probation are additional punishments ordered by the courts and act to confirm supervision. The goal is to reduce recidivism by addressing the underlying cause of the individuals criminal behavior as well as protect the local community. Special conditions of probation are house arrest, electronic monitoring, intensive supervision, halfway house residency, boot camp programs and split sentences. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) Imposing these special conditions is at times the last line of disaffirmation for keeping the offender out of prison. In some cases, if probation is vio lated, additional conditions can be imposed in an effort to get the offender back on track.REVOCATION OF PROBATIONFailure to adhere to these conditions, excessive violations of these conditions or failing to remain current on court mandated payments can result in probation revocation. When an offender is sentenced to a specific amount of time in jail or prison, that sentence is sometimes suspended in favor of placing the individual on probation. Repetitive violations or new charges can be cause to revoke that probation and resentence the offender or activate the sentence that they are shortly on probation to avoid serving.There are a variety of reasons offenders are unable to comply with the conditions of their probation. Some are indifferent or hostile, being unwilling or unable to cooperate with their supervising officer or the court. Some are too immature emotionally to comply with directions. (Allen, Latessa, and Ponder 93) Technical probation violations require the offender to re-appear in court in front of the judge. If the probationer fails to appear a warrant will be issued for their arrest. Revocation is a serious matter and the probationer has the right to counsel for the hearing. sum-upThe use of probation in our nations criminal justice system is widespread. Probation allows the offender the freedom to earn a living and support their family, it allows the community to feel safer knowing that these individuals are under close supervision, it saves the state money that could better be spent on reform rather than incarceration and the building of new prisons. The number of Americans currently on probation is astounding. According to the United Stated Department of Justice at the end of 2008 there were better than 4.2 million adults on probation and another almost 830,000 on parole. That number indicates that 1 in 45 adults in the U.S. is currently under community supervision. These figures show the importance of probation in America today.

Business Environment Analysis For Marks And Spencer Economics Essay

Business Environment Analysis For Marks And Spencer Economics EssayMy chosen organisation is Marks and Spencer. Marks and Spencer has sise main intentions.The main goal of whatso ever so agate line is to increase shekels. This is done by working out the total revenue that the business has made from marketing and costs of its product. For any business to survive, profit must be earned.Like any another(prenominal) business Marks and Spencer needs to increase its gross sales. To do this they must fulfill what the customer needs and desires. To increase their sales Marks and Spencer needs to attract new customers by for instance posit ining for the younger market whilst at the like time ensure that its loyal customers ar kept satisfied with a supply of products which add for their needs.Marks and Spencer withal have the objective of earning market leadership. In order to do this, they must become more competitive. By meeting the wants and needs of more customers as well as by attracting more electric potential customers and offering best pure tone for affordable prices, Marks and Spencer can oust the competition and achieve a lavishly standing status in the market. crack a high quality service is also one of Marks and Spencers objectives. In their annual report they claimed that no one c ares more about quality than they do and in fact Marks and Spencer are well kn let for this.Like other businesses a nonher objective for Marks and Spencer is growth. For Marks and Spencer to survive and to be competitive, the issue of growth must be attended to. By growing, the business is expanding globally and thus achieves recognition in different countries attracting different pools of clientele.The last objective of Marks and Spencer is rewarding shareholders. It is important for a business to respect the shareholders content since they are a fundamental source of investment. Marks and Spencer needs to make profit in order to maintain share holders as well as attract further investment.Each of these objectives has its own richness, neglecting either one of them would surely append the organisation to a halt. Marks and Spencer has created a set of six priorities in order to break off meet the objectives it has set out. The organization aims to retain their lede stead in the market whilst improving their performance in certain sectors which do not make as much profit as other areas, such as for instance the food sector. In this way they can abide to satisfy the ongoing customers they hold whilst attracting potential customers by focusing on better promoting one of the branches of their business. Through the optimization of margins, operateling costs and expenditure and maintaining a strong balance sheet, Marks and Spencer can ensure a better calculation of its profits and losses and thus have a better chance of securing its place in the market through the composition of a well-planned market strategy. finally and by no means as a last priority, Marks and Spencer deems it necessary to enforce high ethical standards.Essentially the organization has to increase its sales since this is the only way in which it will be able to make a profit. It therefore has to invest in its products and ensure that these are marketed well as its ultimate goal is to attract customers and keep them from going to their competitor. It is of no surp train that driving their international business is not a first priority since at last I think they would be better off ensuring that the organization is functioning with utmost profitability before seeking to expand to other areas.1b)External stakeholders twist an important part in the achievement of the business, this is because they sell to and purchase from the company, but they are not employed by the company. They are considered stakeholders as they stand to agnise from the company.Some external stakeholders of Marks and Spencer are customers, suppliers and the general publi c.One of the most essential stakeholders of a business is the customer. The customers of Marks and Spencer purchase the products marketed by the company resulting in a profit for the organization. Without customers the business would not survive.Suppliers are external stakeholders as they sell their products to Marks and Spencer in ex interchange for a price thus some(prenominal) parties benefit from this relationship. Marks and Spencer need to take care of their suppliers to ensure that the suppliers continue to fork out them with good quality products for a reasonable price, so that in subroutine Marks and Spencer provides its customers with the same good quality products at competitive prices. other important stakeholder is the general public. The organization must take into consideration various factors when exploitation products as well as their production processes. The reason for this is the impact and influence which such process or product may have on potential and actu al customers. Marks and Spencer have to ensure that their goods are environmentally friendly and are produced in an environmentally friendly way. Having a means of production which creates high health or environment hazards will result in a decline of people purchasing the product, or potentially purchasing from that organization, therefore, a light amount of sales and consequently a reduction in profits.2)There are several conditions that affect expect in an organization.A change in a customers income is one such condition. If the purchaser does not have a good income to maintain himself or his family, then he will definitely not have enough money to treat himself to something that he wants, conversely, if the vitiateer earns a good income, he would be more in all probability to spend. Thus the rise in income is directly proportionate to the demand and affects it in such a way that with an increase in income, the consumer will tend to purchase more products than he would if he earned a lesser amount. Marks and Spencers offers high quality products with good value, thus people earning an average wage would definitely afford their products.A morsel condition is when a substitute product changes its price. The increase in the price of one good will direct to an increase in demand for the competing product. other condition is when a price of a complementary product changes. Here one considers supplies that are in complementary demand, such as the demand for film players and video films. If Marks and Spencer sells DVD players at a cheaper price, the likelihood is that more DVD players will be bought. This will lead to a growth in market demand for DVD films.The changes in weather also condition demand. The price of a product fluctuates when either demand or supply changes. For modeling in good weather the supply of grains and oil normally increases. Customers will tend to purchase more when products are more readily available and are at a lower price. One c an also consider the scenario where the change in climate or weather increases the demand as is the fount in the sale of umbrellas when rain is expected.Another condition is the changes in taxation on the product. The implementation of a tax by the government affects product prices in such a way that the organization will have to raise its price in order to be able to meet the tax requirement, cater for the expenditure incurred for the purchase of the product as well as keep a percentage of profit from the sale. Thus one must assess whether the business can pass some or all of the tax onto the customer through a higher price without negatively touching the demand.Clothes and accessories are essential products in todays world and affect all levels of society indiscriminately. A condition that relates to their demand is changes to tastes and fashions. Companies try to influence the varying tastes and preferences of households in favor of their products with the friend of a good mark eting and advertising strategy. The influence which these advertisements have on the public represents about an increase in demand for their products. Marks and Spencer offers a great range of variety in clothes. They offer a selection of inexpensive to extravagant and luxurious products that cater for every pocket.Another condition is a change in the population, such as growth. Due to the inelasticity of demand of a product such as food which will continue to sell despite any increase in price as the population grows so does the demand. Consequently this leads to growth in agriculture and the expansion of cultivated land. I think in this type of situation the only thing that Marks and Spencer can do is generate more products so as to cater for a bigger demand by the growing population.Marketing in itself is a condition which affects demand. Marketers must pursue constant research and should not rely solely on their own judgment to determine whether marketing decisions need to be adjusted. When considering price adjustment, the marketer must investigate the effects which a change in price is likely to have on target market demand for a product. Understanding how changes in price affect the market requires the marketer have a sign understanding of the concept of elasticity of demand. This entails an evaluation of the price and how it alone affects the overall demand. This assessment necessarily requires one to consider the manner in which competitors may match to the marketers price change by changing the price of their product. Thus one here anticipates the market reaction and how this will affect company revenue.Marks and Spencer continue to strive to meet customer demand the expansion of their websites offering free delivery and online deals clearly illustrates this. Marks and Spencer have continued to endeavor to provide a better service by increasing the number of people in their trading teams in order to focus on bringing the pay products to the righ t stores, to meet the ever-growing demands of the customer.3a)A mixed economy is when both the private and the public sector take part in the production, distribution and all other frugal activities within a state. The mixed economy permits the inclusion of private contribution in the field of production in a situation of competition with an aim of achieving profit. This mixture of free enterprise and government control has been looked upon from varying perceptions some claim it is beneficial whilst others believe it has no impact or is detrimental to the economy of that state.An advantage of a mixed economy is that it assists in increasing over-all production in the nation.Private and public segments work hard in order to bring about more production. People can take the initiative to start companies on their own, whilst deciding what to produce and the prices they will charge for the goods or services that they offer.Another advantage is the use of government revenue through the payment of taxes, these organisations obtain benefits such as those provided by government services like social programs, subsidies and other government incentive programs. The benefits of mixed economies have been witnessed by the growth of some states into some of the leading markets in the world such as those of the get together States, the United Kingdom and Canada.Some disadvantages of a mixed economy are that businesses have to find their own niche in the marketplace for products, and that they have no control over the taxes they pay.Companies practically complain of tax rates cosmos too high for the services and products they offer. Certain economists opine that in fact, mixed economies hardly ever accomplish the growth at which they are aimed. They also criticize the fact that the mixed economies do not make proper use of national resources.3b)The current stinting climate of the USA is a recession, as seen in the figure below.A recession is a phase of general economic tu rn down. This comes with a fall in the stock market, an increase in unemployment and a turn down in the property market. If a recession persists long enough it is often then classified as a depression.The last two depressions of the USA occurred in 1990-1991 and 2001, lasting eight months each and only two of the ten anterior post-depression downturns lasted as long as a full year according to the National Bureau of Economic Research.Tony Fratto, the Deputy Press Secretary for the White mob emphasized on the need for the American Government to take the necessary steps to bring the economy back to its full force. He propounded on the importance of returning the financial and credit markets back to their normal state, and to try to re-establish the housing market. Mr. Fratto also held that in order to reach stability the states must necessarily take cognizance of the current unemployment situation.Although there is no singular cause, one of the principal reasons given to explain the current economic recession was the housing downturn that resulted in losses of multibillion dollars for one of the nations leading banks as early as 2006.Furthermore, June 2007 was recorded as a period with the lowest rate of home sales and in December of the same year, the recession was deemed to have started. In 2008 due to a reduction in the labour market, the costs of living rose along with the unemployment rate, leading to a reduction in the peoples savings.In 2009/2010 the global markets continued to shift, unemployment increased whilst profits, interest rates, expenditure and investment continued to descend rapidly. Various commentators have state that the present recession is one of the extended downturns since the Great Depression of the 1930s.What is President Obama doing to try to get out of the recession?President Obama requested Congress to provide him with an economic package the value of which amounted to more than 800 Billion Dollars in order to be able to cope wit h the current economic crisis.As part of his economic policy the President engaged in a series of talks with the banking sector to introduce new banking policies for the benefit of its customers. fiscal and fiscal policies are being updated, special care being taken so as to reduce the present economic crisis. Many US economic policies are being declare by government to stabilize the financial sector.A motion was put forward for the modification of health insurance in order to ensure better health for residents and counteract the repercussions that poverty might bring upon the American citizens. The introduction of new inventions and ideas would function in the economic development of the continent and generate a new source of investment and income. lively, one can see an immense expansion being demonstrated in the area of computing, aerospace, medical and military equipment.4a) harm intervention in the context of the European Community refers to a point when the world market pri ce falls below the EU price, the EU interferes to buy the unembellished product, in order to keep the price high.Fifty years ago, the importance of the EU uncouth policy was to supply enough food to a Europe coming from a time of shortages, due to war. The EU policy seeks to facilitate the route for producers of all forms of food such as crops, fruit and vegetables in order to enable them to compete with other producers on both a European and a global scale. The EU nowadays helps farmers by giving them payments to keep their lands in good condition and to meet the environmental and animal welfare standards, as an alternative to paying famers to produce more. The Common Agricultural Policy with the help of the Community, purchases farm products after the market price falls below the agreed level so as keep itself from the accumulation of Butter Mountains and Wine Lakes.The advantages of price intervention in the EU through the Common Agricultural Policy are that it provides incenti ves and measures to raise productivity and ensure reasonable living standards for the agricultural society. It also promotes the stabilization of the market whilst ensuring availability of food products at reasonable and realistic prices.The disadvantages are that due to an increase in productivity leading to a surplus which can result in Butter Mountains. These cause an increase in the tax load on EU Member States due to a rise in the contributions each must make to the budget.I think that the European Unions Agricultural policy is a necessary tool which allows farmers to maintain their jobs whilst keeping agricultural produce at a stable price for everyone to afford and thus minimalising waste and expenditure.http//europa.eu/pol/agr/index_en.htmhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4407792.stm4b)Introduced in 1999, the European Economic and Monetary policy aimed to facilitate the free movement of goods, services, capital and labour. Full integration necessitates the harmonization of fraction states in certain sectors in order to achieve greater unity and symmetry. EMU in conjunction with other policies implemented by the European Community seeks to achieve this objective.Having the euro as a common currency has proved particularly useful during the recession because it provided more stability for countries within the Union by allowing them to deal with the economic crises in a strategic and co-ordinated manner.The benefits of being in the Euro-Zone are that goods, services and profits are easily moved across the national borders of the Unions member states. The Euro has gained strength over the years and now competes with strong-standing currencies such as the American Dollar.An additional benefit of the adoption of the EMU is that it is now becoming far easier to trade, travel and invest within the Union itself.However, in order to conglutination the EMU, EU member states need to meet certain criteria. Every governments debt must be not exceed 60% of a countrys gros s domestic product, the famine must not be greater than 3% of the nations gross domestic product and the inflation rate must be reduced to below 3.2% and conversely government bonds producing 7.7%.Member States encounter certain additional problems when considering full integration with the European Union these include dealing with tax, the application and transposition of different regulations affecting financial intermediaries along with security trading systems.In conclusion I would like to speak from my own personal experience as the citizen of one of the smallest member states in the Union. Malta adopted the Euro in 2008 the process of adjusting our economic and financial institutions to meet the established criteria was no motiveless one. The strive towards full integration is no easy task but so far has reaped many benefits, the only hope for the future is that it will continue to do so.http//lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=Economic-and-Monetary-UnionEMUhttp//ec.europa.eu/economy _finance/publications/publication_summary12325_en.htmhttp//www.questia.com/googleScholar.qstjsessionid=LZQpGtQWjRL2yvLcRhXHT5tv3vQhW31Mcq3jhc1qYn14HWcGPT4g631636653610724718?docId=5001841397Bibliography123helpme, (2010) Marks and Spencer objectives, OnlineAvailable http//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=149330 Accessed 2/1/10Blurit, (2010) Mixed Economy Online Available http//www.blurtit.com/q917361.html Accessed 20/1/10Economy Watch, (2010) Mixed economy, Online Available http//www.economywatch.com/world_economy/world-economic-indicators/mixed-economy.html Accessed 20/1/10HNC/D Module 1 take to the woods Notes, RDI, 2005.MS Full Annual report and financial statements 2009 Directors report Accessed 2/1/10Net MBA Business Knowledge Centre, (2010) Price elasticity of demand, Online Availablehttp//www.netmba.com/econ/micro/demand/elasticity/price/ Accessed 10/1/10Trading Charts, (2010) How Supply and Demand Determine Commodities Market Prices, Online Available http//futures.tradingchart s.com/learning/supply_and_demand.html Accessed 15/1/10Kevin Colby, News. Politics. Liberty, (2010) Americas Current Economic Condition, Online Available http//kevincolby.com/2008/10/26/americas-current-economic-condition/ Accessed 21/1/10Chris Isidore, CNNMoney.com senior writer, (2010)http//money.cnn.com/2008/12/01/news/economy/recession/index.htmhttp//www.economywatch.com/economic-policy/us.htmlhttp//www.economywatch.com/finance/public-finance/public-finance-and-public-policy.htmlhttp//www.unb.ca/news/view.cgi?id=1715http//www.investorwords.com/4086/recession.html

Low Level Programming Language Computer Science Essay

pathetic Level Programming Language Computer science EssayLow-level program language is a programming language that provides little or no synopsis from a computers instruction set architecture. The forge low refers to the small or nonexistent amount of abstraction between the language and machine language beca recitation of this, low-level languages atomic number 18 few time described as being close to the hardware.A low-level language does not need a writer or interpreter to run. The mathematical butt onor for which the language was written is adequate to run the principle without using either of these.By comparison, a high-level programming language isolates the execution semantics of computer architecture from the specification of the program, making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable.Low-level programming languages are sometimes divided into two categories first generation, and second generation.First generationThe first-generation pr ogramming language, or 1GL, is a machine label. It is the alone language a microprocessor net process instantly without a previous transformation. Currently, programmers almost never write programs directly in machine code, because it requires attention to numerous details which a high-level language would handle automatically, and also requires memorizing or looking up numerical codes for each instruction that is used. For this reason, second generation programming languages provide one abstraction level on top of the machine code.Example A function in 32-bit x86 machine code to calculate the nth Fibonacci number8B542408 83FA0077 06B80000 0000C383FA027706 B8010000 00C353BB 01000000B9010000 008D0419 83FA0376 078BD98BC84AEBF1 5BC3Second generationSecond-generation programming language, or 2GL, is an assembly language. It is considered a second-generation language because while it is not a microprocessors native language, an assembly language programmer must still understand the microprocessors unique registers and instructions. These simple instructions are thence assembled directly into machine code. The assembly code pile also be oblivious to an another(prenominal) layer in a similar manner as machine code is abstracted into assembly code.Example The same Fibonacci number calculator as on page one, but in x86 assembly language using MASM syntax tommyrotmov edx, esp+8cmp edx, 0ja fmov eax, 0retcmp edx, 2ja fmov eax, 1retpush ebxmov ebx, 1mov ecx, 1lea eax, ebx+ecxcmp edx, 3jbe fmov ebx, ecxmov ecx, eax declination edxjmp bpop ebxretHigh level programming languageHigh-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, it is easier to use and more portable across platforms. Such languages suppress the details of CPU operations such as memory access models and management of scope.This greater abstraction and hiding of details is generally intended to ingest the language user-friendly, as it accepts c at one timepts from the problem domain instead of those of the machine used. A high-level language isolates the execution semantics of computer architecture from the specification of the program, making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable with respect to a low-level language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how high-level a programming language is.The call high-level language does not imply that the language is superior to low-level programming languages in fact, in terms of the depth of knowledge of how computers work require to productively program in a given language, the inverse may be true. kinda, high-level language refers to the higher level of abstraction from machine language. Rather than dealing with registers, memory addresses and call stacks, high-level languages deal with usability, threads, locks, objects, variables, arrays an d complex arithmetic or Boolean expressions. In addition, they oblige no opcodes that preserve directly gather the language into machine code, un alike low-level assembly language. Other features such as string handling routines, object-oriented language features and file input/output may also be present.High-level languages make complex programming simpler, while low-level languages tend to produce more efficient code. High-level programming features like more generic selective information structures, run-time interpretation and intermediate code files often result in slower execution speed, higher memory consumption and big binary size. For this reason, code which needs to run particularly quickly and efficiently may be written in a lower-level language, even if a higher-level language would make the coding easier.With the growing complexity of modern microprocessor architectures, well-designed compilers for high-level languages frequently produce code comparable in capacity to what most low-level programmers can produce by hand, and the higher abstraction may allow for more powerful techniques providing better overall results than their low-level counterparts in particular settings.There are three models of execution for modern high-level languagesInterpreted Interpreted languages are read and then executed directly, with no compilation stage.Compiled Compiled languages are transformed into an viable form before running. There are two pillow slips of compilation Intermediate map outations When a language is compiled to an intermediate representation, that representation can be optimized or salvage for later execution without the need to re-read the source file. When the intermediate representation is saved it is often represented as bytecode. Machine code generation Some compilers compile source code directly into machine code. Virtual machines that execute bytecode directly or transform it further into machine code have blurred the once clear di stinction between intermediate representations and truly compiled languages.Translated A language may be translated into a low-level programming language for which native code compilers are already widely available. The C programming language is a common target for such translators.Examples of high level programming language includeJava, C, Python, Scheme, Prolog, C++, C, VB, Java Script, Ruby and Lisp.Comparison of high and low programming languages below are similar programs in both languages to find sterling(prenominal) and smallest data value in a data set.Validating raw dataInput validation is an important part of any computer diligence that requires user interaction. It applies to anything that the application does to ensure that data entered by the user is acceptable for the purposes of the application.Input validation can take place at various times in the data entry cycle. For example, the programmer canConstrain the users entry of data before it begins by providing ver y restricted data input field that permit only valid choices. The most common way to do this is to provide standard controls that do not permit free keyboard entry, such as drop-down lists, option buttons, and check boxes.Constrain the users entry of data at the moment that it occurs by monitoring every keystroke for validity and rejecting unwanted input as its typed. For instance, a particular entry field might seem to the user to ignore anything but numeric characters.React to the users entry of data after the user is finished, pass judgment or rejecting the contents of a data field when the user attempts to leave the field or close the screen.Input validation can also have varying degrees of user participation. For instance, the program canAutomatically conciliate a users mistakes without asking the users opinion.Warn the user of incorrect input and prompt the user to correct the input before allowing the user to continue with other activities.Benifets of information Validatio n Reduces the time that is spent completing forms and eliminates costs associated with errors by validating data, improving efficiency and minimizing the high cost of exception handling resulting from data input errors. Validation happens immediately in a visual basic form and can snapshot common errors such as not entering a required field, incorrect data type or entering incorrect data base on other data previously entered into the form.Example validation of checking if the date entered is after todays datePrivate Sub Date_Entered_AfterUpdate() If Me.Date_Entereddate() then Date_Entered is form field construct msgbox Please enter a date less than or equal to todays date. Me.Date_Entered.setfocus set cursor back in the date field end if force out SubUsing strings with passwords in visual basicThe use of strings benefits data entry in a password application in visual basic because the program would not readjust itself and crash on error input. This could affect the safety of t he password which could be compromised.It compares the 4 digit meter inputted in order and will only allow access when all 4 characters are correct and in the right sequence. If this doesnt happen it will reset and wipe the numbers clear. This is so the imputer cannot see which ones he/she has got right and try different ones for the others remaining.In visual basic for the above program you could limit the user to a certain amount of attempts before the user is locked out. When the code is incorrect you could have a warning flash up on the computer, or if the handle sort of data is inputted you can have a warning asking for the correct data. Likewise if you have not inputted 4 digits it would crash so this can be modified in the code strings with .Data pillowcasesBoolean Data TypeThis data type holds values that can be only true or false. The keywords True and off-key correspond to the two states of Boolean variables. Use the Boolean data type to contain two-state values such a s true/false, yes/no, or on/off. The default value of Boolean is False.Type ConversionsWhen opthalmic raw material converts numeric data type values to Boolean, 0 becomes False and all other values become true. When Visual Basic converts Boolean values to numeric types, False becomes 0 and True becomes -1.When you convert between Boolean values and numeric data types, the .NET Framework conversion methods do not always produce the same results as the Visual Basic conversion keywords. This is because the Visual Basic conversion retains behaviour compatible with previous versions.Programming spendNegative Numbers. Boolean is not a numeric type and cannot represent a negative value. In any case, you should not use Boolean to hold numeric values.Type nigrifyacters. Boolean has no literal type character or identifier type character.Framework Type. The corresponding type in the .NET Framework is the system Boolean structure.In the following example, runningVB is a Boolean variable, wh ich stores a simple yes/no setting.Dim runningVB As Boolean Check to see if program is running on Visual Basic engine.If scriptEngine = VB ThenrunningVB = TrueEnd IfInteger Data TypeInteger data holds signed 32-bit (4-byte) integers ranging in value from -2,147,483,648 by dint of 2,147,483,647.The Integer data type provides optimal performance on a 32-bit processor. The other integral types are slower to load and store from and to memory. The default value of Integer is 0.Programming guideInterop Considerations. If you are interfacing with components not written for the .NET Framework, for example mechanisation or COM objects, keep in mind that Integer has a different data width (16 bits) in other environments.Widening. The Integer data type widens to Long, Decimal, Single, or Double. This means you can convert Integer to any of these types without encountering a System.OverflowException error.Type coalacters. Appending the literal type character I to a literal forces it to the In teger data type. Appending the identifier type character % to any identifier forces it to Integer.Framework Type. The corresponding type in the .NET Framework is the System.Int32 structure.If you try to set a variable of an integral type to a number outside the range for that type, an error occurs. If you try to set it to a fraction, the number is rounded. The following example shows this. The valid range of an Integer variable is -2147483648 through +2147483647.Dim k As Integer The following relation causes an error because the value is too large.k = 2147483648 The following statement sets k to 6.k = CInt(5.9)Char Data TypeHolds unsigned 16-bit (2-byte) code points ranging in value from 0 through 65535. Each code point, or character code, represents a single Unicode character.You use the Char data type when you need to hold only a single character and do not need the overhead of String. In some cases you can use Char(), an array of Char elements, to hold multiple characters. The d efault value of Char is the character with a code point of 0.Unicode CharactersThe first 128 code points (0-127) of Unicode correspond to the letters and symbols on a standard U.S. keyboard. These first 128 code points are the same as those the ASCII character set defines. The second 128 code points (128-255) represent special characters, such as Latin-based alphabet letters, accents, currency symbols, and fractions. Unicode uses the remaining code points (256-65535) for a wide variety of symbols, including worldwide textual characters, diacritics, and mathematical and technical symbols.You can use methods like IsDigit and IsPunctuation on a Char variable to determine its Unicode classification.Type ConversionsVisual Basic does not convert directly between Char and the numeric types. You can use the Asc, AscW Functions to convert a Char value to an Integer representing its code point. You can use the Chr, ChrW Functions to convert an Integer value to a Char having that code point.If the type checking switch (Option Strict Statement) is on, you must append the literal type character to a single-character string literal to identify it as the Char data type. The following example on page 8 illustrates this.Option Strict OnDim charVar As Char The following statement attempts to convert a String literal to Char. Because Option Strict is On, it generates a compiler error.charVar = Z The following statement succeeds because it specifies a Char literal.charVar = ZCProgramming guideNegative Numbers. Char is an unsigned type and cannot represent a negative value. In any case, you should not use Char to hold numeric values.Interop Considerations. If you are interfacing with components not written for the .NET Framework, for example Automation or COM objects.Widening. The Char data type widens to String. This means you can convert Char to String without encountering a System.OverflowException error.Type Characters. Appending the literal type character C to a single-charac ter string literal forces it to the Char data type. Char has no identifier type character.Framework Type. The corresponding type in the .NET Framework is the System.Char structureComparison table between Ladder Logic and Visual BasicLanguageLadder LogicVisual BasicSuitability for engineering applicationsHighMediumAvailabilityMediumHighUser friendlinessLowHighCost of softwareHighLowSize of codeLow (high compact)HighDifficulty of useMedium to HighEasyEase of programmingMediumUser has knowledge then low User has no knowledge then HighIdeal useMachine controlSimulationResourceswww.wikipedia.org, www.msdn.microsoft.com, www.fortran.com, visual basic help, www.visualbasic.freetubes.net, www.blueclaw-db.com

Food: A Link in African American Culture Essay example -- essays paper

Food A Link in African American CultureFour diametrical peck, four different life styles, any with at least one thing in commontheir races (or so we have yet to discover). I began my interviews wanting to parade the similarities and differences in eating habits and traditions with the African American perspective in mind. Although race is used as the combining factor in this situation, each individuals lifestyle, cultural behavior, and even eating habits are all very unique. My interviewees consisted of four Americans, as mentioned before all of same race, with similar yet very unambiguous backgrounds. They range from a black Jew, to a Jamerican, to what I would call a traditional southerner, right on down to a modern day Muslim. They all agreed to fill me in and reveal to others the details of their personal history and family backgrounds. Geography, family tradition, and religion all play factors in what they eat as it always has date back to ancestral times. I began with JJ Alex a 20 year old African American male from the east coast. He is a middle single out college student. JJ Alex sounds like your typical college student but he is far from typical. What singles him out from more of his other peers is his religion. You might ask, How would his religion relate to his eating lifestyle unless hes a Muslim? He couldnt possibly be Jewishor could he? A black Jewbetter know as a Seventh Day Holiness. His great grandfather was a Rabbi and the basic teachings in his religion are as followed his faith believes the Sabbath (day of rest) to begin at sunset on Friday lasting until sunset on Saturday some worshippers wear Yarmulke his faith also follows the Old Testament of the Bible and they wear the wizard of David. These beliefs in the Judaic way of life absolutely affect the nutrient that is prepared in his house. JJ Alex mentioned that in Judaism one does not eat of unclean animals, which of manakin entails the meat of a pig or even fi sh with no scales. So right away he totally disbanded the myth that all people of African American decent eat pork. He also excludes anything from his diet that contains any pork-derived ingredients. Not in my house he says. Although he does stick to his Judaic diet, JJ Alex and his family do enjoy other foods as well. His mother does most of the cooking in his home. He says they try to ea... ...iday Thanksgiving. On regular days, he does eat a lot of soul food which includes the collard greens and candied yams. Throughout all four interviewees I realized many foods that are common in the African American culture. In my home, although I choose not to eat pork, we do eat collard greens and sweet potatoes. Coming from a multicultural background that includes African American, Bajan, and Japanese, I also enjoy many other dishes ranging from Asia to the Caribbean. I also have family from the north as well as the south so I understood all the aspects my interviewees were throw ing at me.Although each subject is from completely different backgrounds, whether they be geographical or religious, they each share likeness in many different aspects of their lives. Showing the similarities as well as the differences in their eating habits can create a cultural map tracing each individuals food choices back to one source. In this case, the source may be the continent of Africa where many of these foods are eaten today. In West Africa, the yam is a very best-selling(predicate) vegetable. This just goes to show how food can be the missing link of different cultures throughout the world.

Platos Dialogues As Educational Models Essay -- Philosophy Research P

Dialogue, Dialectic, and Maieutic Platos Dialogues As Educational ModelsABSTRACT Platos Socrates exemplies the progress of the dialectical method of inquiry. Such a method is capable of actualizing an interlocutors latent potential for philosophizing dialectically. The dianoetic practice of Platos Socrates is a mixture of dialectical assertions and questions arising out of his ethical concern for the interlocutor. The Dialogues act as educational models exhibiting how one inquires and learns as well as how one must teach in order that others learn to be participants in (or practitioners of) the dialectic. This is the maieutic art of Platos Socrates with which he draws his interlocutors into stating and reflecting upon the implications of their uncritically held opinions. We could say that the real subject-matter of many of the Dialogues is at least as much education in the dialectical process while still respecting the literary form of the Dialogues as exhibitive construction. The la ck of philosophical closure that often characterizes many of the Dialogues lends additional credence to this position. The subject-matter of many of the dialogues is, therefore, reflexive it is about itself in the sense that the understood lesson (practicing the dialectic) will be remembered after its ostensible subject (some philosophical problem) has ceased to be debated. Dialectic is, then, renewable and replicable as an educational method, using psychagogyan instrument of maieuticto determine first gear each students individual needs for guiding him toward understanding.The Dialogues As Educational ModelsPlatos Dialogues are intellectual, noetic experiences as dramatizations of communicative interactions, they bring into exhibition... ...ress, 1980.Grassi, Ernesto. Rhetoric As Philosophy. The Humanist Tradition. University Park and London The Pennsylvania evince University Press, 1980. (Noted as RAP)Maras, Julin. Philosophy As Dramatic Theory. tr. James Parsons. University P ark and London The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1971. (Noted as PADT)Sagan, Eli. The Honey and the Hemlock. Democracy and Paranoia in Ancient Athens and Modern America. New York Basic Books, 1991.Sedgewick, G.G. Of Irony, Especially in Drama. Toronto University of Toronto Press, 1967.Tejera, V. Platos Dialogues One By One. A structural Interpretation. New York Irvington Publishers, Inc., 1984. (Noted as PDOBO). Modes of Greek Thought. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971.Walton, Craig and Anton, John, eds. Philosophy and the Civilizing Arts. Athens, Ohio Ohio University Press, 1974.